Paradoxes of Inclusion: Adverse Effects of Inclusive Interventions in Northern Ethiopia

Abstract The involvement of smallholders in various inclusive business models (IBMs) is being widely promoted Ethiopia. inclusion, exclusion and distribution effects IBMs must be better understood, however, order to make them more impactful. This study, which was carried out three districts northern Ethiopia, employed a mixed methods approach. Our results show that inclusion are both complex multidimensional. A focus on transaction costs, productive resource endowments chain governance crucial for enhancing smallholders’ inclusion. further indicate income obtained from participation unequally distributed. benefits vary according the underlying position smallholder. Hence, development interventions should acknowledge positions consider how their shape social relations locally. paper thus reveals dimensions, contradictory tendencies, hidden costs side IBMs.